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Forward air control operations during World War II
Forward air control operations during World War II were begun as an ad hoc expedient to wartime conditions. Despite prior close air support experiences beginning in World War I, the United States had no forward air control capability when World War II began. The actual use of forward air control during the war began with the Royal Australian Air Force at the Battle of Buna–Gona in November 1942, and with the British Desert Air Force in the North African Campaign the following year. Although forward air control techniques were perfected by such units as the 1st Air Commando Group in the CBI Theater, they would be ignored in the war's aftermath.
==Background==
Attempts to coordinate air strikes with the needs of ground forces began during World War I.〔Hallion, pp. 20 - 21, 38 - 40.〕〔Chant, p. 86.〕 Forward air control techniques were further developed during the Rif War and the Banana Wars of the 1920s and 1930s.〔Hallion, pp. 70 - 74.〕〔Lester, p. 7.〕
When the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was founded on 20 June 1941, it included provisions for Air Ground Control Parties to serve with the United States Army at the division, corps, and Army headquarters. The Air Ground Control Parties functions were to regulate bombing and artillery in close conjunction with the ground troops, as well as assess bomb damage. They were thus the first of similar units to try to fulfill the functions of the forward air controller (FAC) without being airborne.〔Churchill, pp. 1 - 2.〕 However, these units were often plagued by turf wars and cumbersome communications between the respective armies and air forces involved. As a result, it could take hours for an air strike requested by ground troops to actually show up.〔Hallion, pp. 149 - 150.〕
However, the advent of World War II did not lead to a functional air control system; the 1942 edition of the American Field Manual 31-35 did not even mention a forward air controller. Forward air control during World War II came into existence as a result of exigency, and was used in several theaters of World War II. Its reincarnation in action was a result of field expedience rather than planned operations.〔Churchill, p. 5.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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